Composition and Biochemical Determinants of Renal Stones: A Comprehensive Analysis of Urinary and Serum Mineral Profiles

Abstract

Objective: Renal stone formation is closely linked to disturbances in urinary and serum mineral metabolism. Analysis of stone composition along with biochemical parameters is essential for understanding the pathogenesis of different stone types.

Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted among 371 patients with renal stones. Stone composition was analyzed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy- Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy techniques. Serum and 24-hour urinary biochemical parameters, including calcium, oxalate, citrate, phosphate, uric acid, pH, and urine volume, were evaluated. Statistical analysis was performed to assess differences and correlations between stone types and biochemical variables.

Results: The mean age was 45.3 years, with male predominance and 39.9% recurrence. Calcium oxalate monohydrate was most common. Stone types differed significantly in urinary volume, pH, and mineral excretion. Uric acid stones showed low urine pH and volume, while calcium phosphate stones had higher calcium excretion and alkaline pH, with related serum differences.

Conclusion: Renal stone composition is strongly associated with specific urinary and serum biochemical abnormalities. Metabolic evaluation is crucial for identifying etiological factors and for guiding individualized preventive strategies in stone disease management.

Cite this article as: Prakash P, Agarwal S, Sarpal R, Dogra AK, Prakash A. Composition and biochemical determinants of renal stones: A comprehensive analysis of urinary and serum mineral profiles. Urol Res Pract. 2026, 52, 0015, doi: 10.5152/tud.2026.26015.